Prep@10

HTP : Pathology

1.   Necroptosis is a caspase independent process which resembles necrosis morphologically and apoptosis mechanistically as a form of programmed cell death.

2.   Pyroptosis is a programmed cell death is accompanied by the release of fever inducing cytokine IL-1. It also involves caspases 1 and 11.

3.   Commonest fixative used for light microscopic examination: 10% buffered neutral formalin

4.   Commonest fixative used for electron microscopic examination: glutaraldehyde

5.   Lipofuscin is also known ‘lipochrome’, ‘wear and tear’ pigment, pigment of aging and “indicator of free radical injury”. It gets deposited mostly in heart and liver.

6.   Most important stimulatory gene for apoptosis is p53 gene and most important inhibitory gene for apoptosis is bcl family (bcl-2) of genes

7.   Coagulative necrosis is associated with “tombstone appearance”. It is seen with ischemic injury to all tissues except central nervous system.

8.   “Step ladder pattern” on gel electrophoresis is a feature of apoptosis. Stepladder fever is seen in typhoid/enteric fever.

9.   Dystrophic calcification: normal serum calcium levels and in dead tissues (areas of necrosis).

10.  Metastatic calcification: increased serum calcium levels and in living tissues.