Ophtha Mini_Test 1

Ophthalmology Mcq

1. Ectopia lentis is seen in all of the following except:

a. Homocystinuria

b. Sulphite oxidase deficiency

c. Hyperlysenemia

d. Kearn-sayre syndrome

2. A 45 year old lady presented with diminution of vision since 1 month. Vision was 6/24 both eyes. On fundus examination, there were

hemorrhages in all 4 quadrants with venous beading in 1 quadrant. Likely diagnosis is :

a. Moderate NPDR

b. Severe NPDR

c. Very severe NPDR

d. PDR

3. All are seen in stage III trachoma except :

a. Tarsal epitheliofibrosis

b. Trachomatous pannus

c. Herbert’s pits

d. Disappearance of Bowman’s membrane

4. Retinitis pigmentosa is a feature of all except

a. Refsum's disease

b. Hallaverdon Spatz disease

c. NARP

d. Abetalipoproteinemia

5. Cataract is caused by all except :

a. Ultraviolet radiation

b. MRI

c. Infrared radiation

d. Microwave radiation

Prep@10

HTP : Pathology

1.   Necroptosis is a caspase independent process which resembles necrosis morphologically and apoptosis mechanistically as a form of programmed cell death.

2.   Pyroptosis is a programmed cell death is accompanied by the release of fever inducing cytokine IL-1. It also involves caspases 1 and 11.

3.   Commonest fixative used for light microscopic examination: 10% buffered neutral formalin

4.   Commonest fixative used for electron microscopic examination: glutaraldehyde

5.   Lipofuscin is also known ‘lipochrome’, ‘wear and tear’ pigment, pigment of aging and “indicator of free radical injury”. It gets deposited mostly in heart and liver.

6.   Most important stimulatory gene for apoptosis is p53 gene and most important inhibitory gene for apoptosis is bcl family (bcl-2) of genes

7.   Coagulative necrosis is associated with “tombstone appearance”. It is seen with ischemic injury to all tissues except central nervous system.

8.   “Step ladder pattern” on gel electrophoresis is a feature of apoptosis. Stepladder fever is seen in typhoid/enteric fever.

9.   Dystrophic calcification: normal serum calcium levels and in dead tissues (areas of necrosis).

10.  Metastatic calcification: increased serum calcium levels and in living tissues.

#Otology.Mini_Test -- 4

PG MCQ's_TOPIC: Otology

1.Ceruminous glands present in the ear are:

A) Modified ecorine glands

B) Modified apocrine glands

C) Mucous gland

D) Modified holocrine glands

2.Nerves supply for external ear are all except:

A) Greater occipital nerve

B) Greater auticular nerve

C) Auriculotemporal nerve

D) Lesser occipital nerve

3. All of the fallowing nerves supply auricle and external meatus except:

A) Trigeminal nerve

B) Glossopharyngeal nerve

C) Auditory nerve 

D) Vagus nerve

4. Which of the following nerves has no sensory supply to the auricle:

A) Lesser occipital nerve

B) Greater auricle nerve

C) Auricular branch of vagus nerve

D) Tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nerve

5. Skin over pinna is fixed:

A) Firmly on both sides

B) Loosely on medial side

C) Loosely on lateral side

D) Loosely on both sides

One Liners

#HYP
#One_Liners

· Vertebral level of hyoid bone          : C3
· Vertebral level of thyroid cartilage : C4,C5
· Vertebral level of cricoids cartilage : C6
· Muscles that are innervated by Cranial Nerve XI : Trapezius, Sternocleidomastoid
· Structures that course between anterior & middle scalene muscle : Brachial plexus, subclavian artery
· Innervation of omohyoid, sternothyroid & sternohyoid muscles : Ansa cervicalis(C1,C2,C3 ventral rami)
· Innervation of digastric muscle : Anterior belly = CN IX ; Posterior belly = CN VII
· Innervation of Carotid sinus & Carotid body : CN IX, CN X
· Major structures to pass through pharyngeal wall superior to superior constrictor muscle : Auditory tube, Levator veli palatine
· Nerves of pharyngeal plexus : CN IX(mucosa), CN X(musculature), Sympathetics(vasomotor)
· Only muscle innervated by CN IX : Stylopharyngeus
· Structures that pierce thyrohyoid membrane : Internal laryngeal nerve, Superior laryngeal artery
· Only muscle to abduct vocal cords : Posterior cricoarytenoid
· Innervation of cricithyroid : External laryngeal nerve
· Innervation of laryngeal muscle exclusive(except) of cricothyroid : Recurrent laryngeal nerve
· Muscle that increases tension on vocal cords : Cricithyroid
· Sensory nerve to larynx superior to vocal cords : Internal laryngeal nerve
· Sensory nerve to larynx inferior to vocal cords   : Recurrent laryngeal nerve
· Site of aspirated lodged fishbone : Piriform recess
· Afferent & efferent of Gag Reflex     : CN IX – CN X
· Afferent & efferent of Cough Reflex : CN X – CN X
· Nerve at risk when performing thyroidectomy : Left & Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
· Nerve injury that causes hoarseness following thyroid surgery : Recurrent laryngeal nerve
· Major nerve to TMJ(pain) : Auriculotemporal nerve(V3)
· Specific nerves that elicit secretions from the paratoid gland : Tympanic branch of CN IX & Lesser petrosal nerve
· Branch of CN V that carries parasympathetics to parotid gland : Auriculotemporal nerve(V3)
· Structure that opens into superior meatus of nasal cavity : Posterior ethmoid sinus
· Structure that opens into middle meatus of nasal cavity : Frontal sinus, Maxillary sinus, Anterior ethmoid sinus, Middle ethmoid sinus
· Structure that opens into inferior meatus of nasal cavity : Nasolacrimal duct
· Major artery to nasal cavity : Sphenopalatine artery
· Most common site of nose bleed : Kiesselbach’s plexus(anterioinferior quadrant)
· Innervation of levator veli palatine : CN X
· Muscle that opens into the auditory tube : Tensor veli palatine & Levator veli palatine
· Innervation of tensor veli palatine : Mandibular nerve(V3)
· Nerve that provides taste to anterior 2\3^rd of tongue : Chorda tympani
· Site of cell bodies for nerve that carries taste to anterior 2\3^rd of tongue : Geniculate ganglion
· Specific nerve that elicits secretion from submandibular gland : Lingual nerve
· Nerve injured when tonsilar pillars sag & uvula deviates : CNX
· Nerve potentially injured with tonsillectomy : CN IX
· Muscle that protrudes tongue : Genioglossus
· Nerve injured when deviation of protruded tongue : Ipsilateral CN XII
· Specific nerve that stimulates tear production : Greater petrosal nerve CN VII
· Sensory nerve to cornea : CN V1 (Nasociliary nerve)   

#Embryology.Mini_Test -- 3

     

PG MCQ's_TOPIC: OTOLOGY 

1. The stapes bone develops from

a- first visceral arch.

b- second visceral arch.

c- the otic capsule.

d- Both b & c are right.

e- Both a & b are right

2 - The first visceral cleft gives all of the following except

a- outer layer of the tympanic membrane

b- the auricle.

c- the external auditory canal.

d- the fibrous layer of the tympanic membrane

3  -The first visceral arch gives all of the following except

a- outer layer of the tympanic membrane

b- malleus.

c- incus .

d- the fibrous layer of the tympanic membrane

4. call aural fistula is

a. 1^st branchial cleft anomaly

b. 2^nd branchial cleft anomaly

c. 1^st branchial pouch anomaly

d. 2^nd branchial pouch anomaly

5. a new born presents with bilateral microtia at birth & external auditory canal atresia. Corrective surgery is usually performed at

a. puberty

b. adult

c. 5-7 years of age

d. <1 year of age

HYP : Vector -- Disease transmitted

HYP :: Vector -- Diseases transmitted

#HYP

Vector	Diseases transmitted
Anopheles mosquito	·         Malaria ·         Filarial (outside India)
Culex mosquito	·         Japanese encephalitis ·         West Nile fever ·         Viral arthritis ·         Bancroftian  Filariasis
Aedes mosquito	·         Yellow fever ·         Dengue ·         Dengue Hemorrahagic fever ·         Chickungunya ·         Rift valley fever ·         Filarial (outside India)
Mansonoides mosquito	·         Chickungunya ·         Malayan (Brugian) filariasis
Flea	·         Plague ·         Murine typhus
Louse	·         Trench fever ·         Relapsing fever ·         Epidemic typhus
Mite	·         Scrub typhus ·         Rickettsial pox
Housefly	·         Yaws ·         Anthrax ·         Trachoma ·         Poliomyelitis ·         Diarrhoeal & dysentrical diseases
Soft tick	·         Relapsing fever ·         Q fever ·         Kyasanur Forest Disease (outside India)
Hard tick	·         Tularemia ·         Babesiosis ·         Kyasanur Forest Disease (India) ·         Tick paralysis ·         Tick encephalitis ·         Tick hemorrahagic fever ·         Indian tick typhus
Sand fly	·         Kala azar (Visceral Leishmaniasis) ·         Oriental sore (Cutaneous Leishmaniasis) ·         Oroya fever
Tse-Tse fly	·         African sleeping sickness
Reduviid bug	·         Chagas disease
Black fly	·         Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)

High Yield Points :: Important bodies in pathology ::

#HYP:

Important bodies in pathology in various diseases:

1. Councilman bodies - hepatitis, yellow fever

2. Gamma gandy bodies - congestive splenomegaly 

3. Negri bodies - rabies 

4. Lewy bodies - Parkinson's disease 

5. Hirano bodies - Alzheimer's disease 

6. Ferruginous bodies - asbestosis 

7. Asteroid bodies - sarcoidosis, sporotrichosis 

8. Schaumann bodies - sarcoidosis 

9. Verrocay bodies - schwannoma 

10. Call exner bodies - granulosa cell Tumor 

11. Schiller duval bodies - endodemal sinus Tumor 

12. Ascoff bodies - rheumatic fever 

13. Civatte body - lichen planus 

14. Creola bodies - bronchial asthma 

15. Donovan bodies - lymphogranuloma venerum 

16. Henderson Peterson bodies - molluscum contagiosum 

17. Michaelis guttmann body - malakoplakia 

18. Pick bodies - pick disease 

19. Zebra bodies - metachromatic leucodystrophy 

20. Barr body - inactivated X chromosome 

21. Kamino bodies - spitz naevus, malignant melanoma 

22. Lafora bodies - myoclonic epilepsy 

23. Heinz bodies - G6PD deficiency 

24. Howell jolly bodies - post splenectomy, ineffective erythropoieisis 

25. Pappenheimer bodies - sideroblastic anemia