#Otology.Mini_Test -- 4

PG MCQ's_TOPIC: Otology

1.Ceruminous glands present in the ear are:

A) Modified ecorine glands

B) Modified apocrine glands

C) Mucous gland

D) Modified holocrine glands

2.Nerves supply for external ear are all except:

A) Greater occipital nerve

B) Greater auticular nerve

C) Auriculotemporal nerve

D) Lesser occipital nerve

3. All of the fallowing nerves supply auricle and external meatus except:

A) Trigeminal nerve

B) Glossopharyngeal nerve

C) Auditory nerve 

D) Vagus nerve

4. Which of the following nerves has no sensory supply to the auricle:

A) Lesser occipital nerve

B) Greater auricle nerve

C) Auricular branch of vagus nerve

D) Tympanic branch of glossopharyngeal nerve

5. Skin over pinna is fixed:

A) Firmly on both sides

B) Loosely on medial side

C) Loosely on lateral side

D) Loosely on both sides

One Liners

#HYP
#One_Liners

· Vertebral level of hyoid bone          : C3
· Vertebral level of thyroid cartilage : C4,C5
· Vertebral level of cricoids cartilage : C6
· Muscles that are innervated by Cranial Nerve XI : Trapezius, Sternocleidomastoid
· Structures that course between anterior & middle scalene muscle : Brachial plexus, subclavian artery
· Innervation of omohyoid, sternothyroid & sternohyoid muscles : Ansa cervicalis(C1,C2,C3 ventral rami)
· Innervation of digastric muscle : Anterior belly = CN IX ; Posterior belly = CN VII
· Innervation of Carotid sinus & Carotid body : CN IX, CN X
· Major structures to pass through pharyngeal wall superior to superior constrictor muscle : Auditory tube, Levator veli palatine
· Nerves of pharyngeal plexus : CN IX(mucosa), CN X(musculature), Sympathetics(vasomotor)
· Only muscle innervated by CN IX : Stylopharyngeus
· Structures that pierce thyrohyoid membrane : Internal laryngeal nerve, Superior laryngeal artery
· Only muscle to abduct vocal cords : Posterior cricoarytenoid
· Innervation of cricithyroid : External laryngeal nerve
· Innervation of laryngeal muscle exclusive(except) of cricothyroid : Recurrent laryngeal nerve
· Muscle that increases tension on vocal cords : Cricithyroid
· Sensory nerve to larynx superior to vocal cords : Internal laryngeal nerve
· Sensory nerve to larynx inferior to vocal cords   : Recurrent laryngeal nerve
· Site of aspirated lodged fishbone : Piriform recess
· Afferent & efferent of Gag Reflex     : CN IX – CN X
· Afferent & efferent of Cough Reflex : CN X – CN X
· Nerve at risk when performing thyroidectomy : Left & Right recurrent laryngeal nerve
· Nerve injury that causes hoarseness following thyroid surgery : Recurrent laryngeal nerve
· Major nerve to TMJ(pain) : Auriculotemporal nerve(V3)
· Specific nerves that elicit secretions from the paratoid gland : Tympanic branch of CN IX & Lesser petrosal nerve
· Branch of CN V that carries parasympathetics to parotid gland : Auriculotemporal nerve(V3)
· Structure that opens into superior meatus of nasal cavity : Posterior ethmoid sinus
· Structure that opens into middle meatus of nasal cavity : Frontal sinus, Maxillary sinus, Anterior ethmoid sinus, Middle ethmoid sinus
· Structure that opens into inferior meatus of nasal cavity : Nasolacrimal duct
· Major artery to nasal cavity : Sphenopalatine artery
· Most common site of nose bleed : Kiesselbach’s plexus(anterioinferior quadrant)
· Innervation of levator veli palatine : CN X
· Muscle that opens into the auditory tube : Tensor veli palatine & Levator veli palatine
· Innervation of tensor veli palatine : Mandibular nerve(V3)
· Nerve that provides taste to anterior 2\3^rd of tongue : Chorda tympani
· Site of cell bodies for nerve that carries taste to anterior 2\3^rd of tongue : Geniculate ganglion
· Specific nerve that elicits secretion from submandibular gland : Lingual nerve
· Nerve injured when tonsilar pillars sag & uvula deviates : CNX
· Nerve potentially injured with tonsillectomy : CN IX
· Muscle that protrudes tongue : Genioglossus
· Nerve injured when deviation of protruded tongue : Ipsilateral CN XII
· Specific nerve that stimulates tear production : Greater petrosal nerve CN VII
· Sensory nerve to cornea : CN V1 (Nasociliary nerve)   

#Embryology.Mini_Test -- 3

     

PG MCQ's_TOPIC: OTOLOGY 

1. The stapes bone develops from

a- first visceral arch.

b- second visceral arch.

c- the otic capsule.

d- Both b & c are right.

e- Both a & b are right

2 - The first visceral cleft gives all of the following except

a- outer layer of the tympanic membrane

b- the auricle.

c- the external auditory canal.

d- the fibrous layer of the tympanic membrane

3  -The first visceral arch gives all of the following except

a- outer layer of the tympanic membrane

b- malleus.

c- incus .

d- the fibrous layer of the tympanic membrane

4. call aural fistula is

a. 1^st branchial cleft anomaly

b. 2^nd branchial cleft anomaly

c. 1^st branchial pouch anomaly

d. 2^nd branchial pouch anomaly

5. a new born presents with bilateral microtia at birth & external auditory canal atresia. Corrective surgery is usually performed at

a. puberty

b. adult

c. 5-7 years of age

d. <1 year of age

HYP : Vector -- Disease transmitted

HYP :: Vector -- Diseases transmitted

#HYP

Vector	Diseases transmitted
Anopheles mosquito	·         Malaria ·         Filarial (outside India)
Culex mosquito	·         Japanese encephalitis ·         West Nile fever ·         Viral arthritis ·         Bancroftian  Filariasis
Aedes mosquito	·         Yellow fever ·         Dengue ·         Dengue Hemorrahagic fever ·         Chickungunya ·         Rift valley fever ·         Filarial (outside India)
Mansonoides mosquito	·         Chickungunya ·         Malayan (Brugian) filariasis
Flea	·         Plague ·         Murine typhus
Louse	·         Trench fever ·         Relapsing fever ·         Epidemic typhus
Mite	·         Scrub typhus ·         Rickettsial pox
Housefly	·         Yaws ·         Anthrax ·         Trachoma ·         Poliomyelitis ·         Diarrhoeal & dysentrical diseases
Soft tick	·         Relapsing fever ·         Q fever ·         Kyasanur Forest Disease (outside India)
Hard tick	·         Tularemia ·         Babesiosis ·         Kyasanur Forest Disease (India) ·         Tick paralysis ·         Tick encephalitis ·         Tick hemorrahagic fever ·         Indian tick typhus
Sand fly	·         Kala azar (Visceral Leishmaniasis) ·         Oriental sore (Cutaneous Leishmaniasis) ·         Oroya fever
Tse-Tse fly	·         African sleeping sickness
Reduviid bug	·         Chagas disease
Black fly	·         Onchocerciasis (River Blindness)

High Yield Points :: Important bodies in pathology ::

#HYP:

Important bodies in pathology in various diseases:

1. Councilman bodies - hepatitis, yellow fever

2. Gamma gandy bodies - congestive splenomegaly 

3. Negri bodies - rabies 

4. Lewy bodies - Parkinson's disease 

5. Hirano bodies - Alzheimer's disease 

6. Ferruginous bodies - asbestosis 

7. Asteroid bodies - sarcoidosis, sporotrichosis 

8. Schaumann bodies - sarcoidosis 

9. Verrocay bodies - schwannoma 

10. Call exner bodies - granulosa cell Tumor 

11. Schiller duval bodies - endodemal sinus Tumor 

12. Ascoff bodies - rheumatic fever 

13. Civatte body - lichen planus 

14. Creola bodies - bronchial asthma 

15. Donovan bodies - lymphogranuloma venerum 

16. Henderson Peterson bodies - molluscum contagiosum 

17. Michaelis guttmann body - malakoplakia 

18. Pick bodies - pick disease 

19. Zebra bodies - metachromatic leucodystrophy 

20. Barr body - inactivated X chromosome 

21. Kamino bodies - spitz naevus, malignant melanoma 

22. Lafora bodies - myoclonic epilepsy 

23. Heinz bodies - G6PD deficiency 

24. Howell jolly bodies - post splenectomy, ineffective erythropoieisis 

25. Pappenheimer bodies - sideroblastic anemia

High Yield Points :: Memory ::

#HYP
Some Important points regarding memory and brain.

🌸 hippocampus - short term memory s converted to long term memory 

🌸 long term memory stored in neo-cortex.

🌸 structural changes in synapses occurs in long term memory . 

🌸 temporal changes in synapses - intermediate memory

🌸 priming -neocortex(recognition of words/ objects) 

🌸 procedural memory- striatum (unconscious/automatic ) 

🌸 associative learning - amygdala ( classical & operant conditioning) 

🌸 non associative learning - reflex pathways (habitation & sensitisation) 

🌸 hippocampus lesion- antegrade amnesia 

🌸 working memory - very short term memory . involves rehearsal system & central executive .

Answers&Explanations for #Embryology.Mini_Test -- 2

For the question paper of these answers please click here.

#Embryology.Mini_Test -- 2

Answers with Explanations:

1.   Q) What is true about development & maturation of sperms except
A:   D) Stored in the seminal vesicle before ejaculation

     o   Sperms are stored in the epididymis before ejaculation. Here they get matured and gain motility progressively.
o   Primordial germ cells remain dormant till puberty in a male and start the process of spermatogenesis only at puberty.
o    In females oogenesis starts before birth only and there are no primordial germ cells available at birth itself. The ovary contains only the primary oocytes at birth.
o     Spermatogenesis takes 74 days to produce a mature sperm.

  

2.   Q) Correct statement concerning sexual development is

A:   A) Gonadal ridge appear at week 5

     o    Gonadal ridge appears at the 5^th week of gestation and is populated by the primordial germ cells by the end of 5^th week.
o   Gonadal (Genital) ridge forms the testis/ovary depending upon the genotype of the individual conceptus.
o    Short arm of chromosome Y has the SRY gene, which results in the formation of the protein TDF (testis determining factor). TDF is important for the male development.
o    Absence of SRY gene from the Y chromosome may result in female phenotype in a male genotype (XY).
o     Testes Start developing by the 7^th week of intrauterine life whereas, ovaries start developing only after 10^th week.
o       External genitalia are not well developed before week 12.

3.   Q) Cells of the adrenal medulla are derived from the same embryonic cells as those  that form

A:  C). Mandible

      o   Cells of the adrenal medulla (chromaffin cells) are neural crest derivatives and so are the skull bones like mandible.
o   Kidney collecting tubules are derived from ureteric bud ( mesoderm); Neural tube forms Preganglionic neurons &  thymus comes from gut tube which is endodermal (third pharyngeal pouch)

4.   Q) Which nerve carries special visceral efferent fibers

A:   D)  7th

      o   Special visceral efferent supply the branchial (pharyngeal) arch musculature.
o  7^th nerve supplies the second branchial arch musculature like muscles of facial expression.
o  All other remaining skeletal muscles are under a bigger heading called as GSE (General somatic efferent).
o   (LR₆SO₄)₃  is the formula for the eyeball muscles and hence cranial nerves 3, 4 & 6 belong to GSE.

5. Q) The cardiac jelly formed around the heart tube during early development, contributes to the formation of

A:  D)  Endocardium

      o   Cardiac jelly is sandwiched between heart tube & myocardium and forms the sub-endothelial connective tissue of the endocardium (Dorland’s Medical Dictionary).
o    The external layer of the embryonic heart tube—the myocardium—is formed from splanchnic mesoderm sur­rounding the pericardial cavity .
o   At this stage, the heart is composed of a thin endothelial tube, separated from a thick myocardium by gelatinous connective tissue, known as cardiac jelly.
o The endothelial tube becomes the internal endothelial lining of the heart—endocardium—and the primordial myocardium becomes the muscular wall of the heart or myocardium. The visceral pericardium or epicardium is derived from mesothelial cells that arise from the external surface of the sinus venosus and spread over the myocardium
o   Remember: Cardiac jelly forms the connective tissue & not the muscles.

#Embryology.Mini_Test -- 2

PG MCQ's_TOPIC: Embryology 

1)  What is true about development & maturation of sperms except
A)  Primordial germ cells are dormant till puberty
B)  Spermatogonium becomes mature sperm in 74 days
C)  Progressive motility is gained in the epididymis
D)  Stored in the seminal vesicle before ejaculation

Ans: D

2)  Correct statement concerning sexual development is
A)  Gonadal ridge appear at week 5
B)  Absence of SRY gene leads to male phenotype
C)  Testes develop later than ovaries
D)  External genitalia are well developed by week 10

Ans: A

3)  Cells of the adrenal medulla are derived from the same embryonic cells as those  that form
A)  Kidney collecting tubules
B)  Preganglionic sympathetic neurons
C)  Mandible
D)  Thymus

Ans: C

4)  Which nerve carries special visceral efferent fibers
A)  3^rd
B)  4^th
C)  6^th
D)  7^th

Ans: D

5) The cardiac jelly formed around the heart tube during early development, contributes to the formation of
A)  Pericardium       
B)  Mesocardium
C)  Myocardium      
D)  Endocardium

Ans: D

For Detail Explanations for the answers of this test please click here.